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Stump-tailed macaque(Macaca speciosa (arctoides)
Phylum —chordata
Class — mammalia
Order — primates
Family — cercopithecidae
Genus – macaca
Appearance
Stump-tailed macaques have long, thick, dark brown fur that covers their body, except for face and their short almost invisible tail. Infants are born white and darken as they mature. As they age, their bright pink or red faces darken to brown or nearly black and lose most of their hair. Males in this species are larger than females and their canine teeth, which are important for establishing dominance within social groups, are more elongated than those of the females. Stump-tailed macaques have cheek pouches and store food for short periods of time.
Length 48,5-65 см.
Habitat
Stump-tailed macaques are found in South and Southeast Asia. They are distributed from northeastern India and southern China into the northwest tip of West Malaysia on the Malay Peninsula. They are also found in Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
Behavior
Stump-tailed macaques are arboreal and terrestrial. They are more agile on the ground. These macaques are active during the day spending their time foraging and storing collected food in their cheek pouches. Stump-tailed macaques are very social and live in groups of up to 50-60 individuals. These groups consist of adult males, females, and young. Females stay in their natal groups and males leave after sexual maturity. These macaques are hierarchical and establish the rank in hierarchy through biting and slapping. However, they are not agressive and are peaceful creatures.
Stump-tailed macaques communicate visually and vocally. Common visual signs are "teeth chattering", "lip smacking" and "barred teeth". Vocal sounds include the "coo" sound to stay in contact with others, grunts and alpha males "roar" to chase off predators.
Diet
Stump-tailed macaques are primarily frugivorous, but they eat many types of vegetation, such as seeds, leaves, and roots. They may also hunt freshwater crabs, frogs, bird eggs and insects.
Reproduction
Stump-tailed macaques are polygynandrous (promiscuous), which means that both males and females have multiple mates during the mating season. These animals breed in October and November. Females give birth to a single infant every 2 years. The gestation period last around 177 days. After birth, the mother nurses and protects her infant for 9 months. All females in the group care for the young of other females. They play, carry, play, protect, and groom the infants. Alpha males also help protect young and infants. After weaning the infants is still dependent on the mother and other adults in the group. It will become independent at around 1.5 years of age. Young females reach reproductive maturity at 4 years of age while males become mature at around 4.5-5 years.
Lifespan up to 30 years.
In captivity
Conditions for keeping macaques are not much different from those for keeping monkeys, but the bars in the cage should be thicker, and trees and other decorations and shelves in the cage should be strengthened more thoroughly, since macaques are physically stronger than monkeys. The cage should have ropes, toys, and a place to sleep, feeders, drinkers.
The pallet should be extended, and there should be a grid above it, so that the baby does not get dirty. It is convenient to put a disposable, waterproof diaper (baby) in the tray, top with powder (odor absorber), wood filler on the powder.
It is very important for monkeys to diversify their environment. They should not be left "idle" for a long time, because otherwise the monkey may develop bad habits and aggressive behavior during the period of maturity. It is necessary to put in pieces of hay, grass, branches of trees of various carocci, safe toys. It is very useful in the morning to scatter a handful of sunflowers, oats, wheat, corn, and barley on the floor of the cage (it is good if the grains are slightly sprouted).
While the macaque is out of the cage, it needs to wear diapers, having previously smeared the ass with cream under diapers, so that it feels comfortable and does not experience discomfort. If the macaque is taught to wear clothes since childhood, this will not cause it any further trouble, and you will be able to take your pet with you outside. Macaques are very sensitive to drafts, so we recommend that you dress your pet warmly while walking.
Macaque diet (recommended by a primate specialist):
kg / 1 head / day
Vegetable feed
Crackers, wheat bread 0.02 Alternate
Bran, various cereals (Fig., millet, buckwheat, oatmeal, gerku-forest, etc.) 0.20 alternate
Legumes (peas, beans) 0.03 h / d
Grain (corn, etc.) 0.05 h / d
Oilseeds (nuts, sunflowers, etc.) 0.05 alternate
Total: 0.31
Vegetables and green food
Carrots 0.30
Cabbage 0.15
Potatoes 0.20
Beetroot, salad 0.05 Alternate
Onion or garlic 0.05 alternate
Tomatoes 0.10
Cucumbers 0.10
Zucchini 0.20
Pepper 0.10
Pumpkin 0.20
Radish 0.05 or 1 bunch
Parsley, dill 0.10
Total: 1.60
Melons: watermelon, melon 0.4
Fresh fruits, berries 0.4. Can be replaced with melons by 42% more to issue, if not replaced-dried fruit 50% from the norm of fruit or canned compotes in jars 100% servings of fruit
Vegetable oil 0.005
Total plant feed: 2.715
Name of feed Quantity:
kg / 1 head / day note
Animal feed
Meat, liver, chicken, fish 0.10 alternate
Chicken egg or
quail (PCs.) 0,05
3 2 times / week
Milk for acidophilus 0.1 h / d
Cottage cheese 0.05 h / d
Protein supplements 0.002
Total animal feed: 0.1913
Other feeds
Honey, jam, syrups 0.01 alternate
special feed and other compound feed 0.03 daily
Salt 0.004
Total feed: 2.9503
The structure of a diet, %:
Concentrated feed – 17.6
Juicy feed – 75.0
Animal feed – 6.7
Vitamin and mineral feed and additives-0.7
Energy value of the diet, kcal-1466.07
The content of nutrients in the diet, %:
Raw protein; raw fat; raw fiber; raw ash; Calcium mg%; Phosphorus, mg%; Sodium, mg%:
2.91; 2.48; 1.11; 0.86; 38.63; 71.45; 21.45
Note:
1. Green feed is given in excess of the diet during the period of receipt of plenty.
2. Probiotics are given 2 times a year (in spring and autumn) for 1 month at 8 doses daily.
3. Vitamin feeds (yeast, rosehip syrup, fish oil, etc.),
4. Medical preparations and vitamins are given at the discretion of the zoo technician and veterinarian, depending on the biological state of the animals, the time of year, etc.
5. When a group of animals is kept, the ration increases to 50% of the indicated amount due to the ability of the animal to approach the feed only in accordance with the hierarchical position in the group.
6. When issuing feed, the physiological state of animals (breeding period, disease, pregnancy, lactation, etc.) and if necessary, the ration is reduced or increased to 50% of the specified.
7. At 2 months of age, the young when the content of a female is issued 50% of normal adult animal, and with a 6-month – ration of an adult animal.
8. Сompound feed for monkeys can be replaced with Hercules-10.0 g, milk powder-10.0 g, baby dry mix-10.0 g.
Daily supplements of vitamins and trace elements:
vitamin A 1000 IU;
vitamin E 10 IU;
vitamin C 100 mg;
folic acid 200 mcg;
vitamin B1 1 mg;
vitamin B2 1 mg;
nicotinamide 8 mg;
vitamin B6 1 mg;
vitamin B12 6 mcg;
vitamin D 200 IU;
Biotin 10 mcg;
pantonenic acid 5 mg;
calcium (dibasic calcium phosphate) 500 mg;
phosphorus (dibasic calcium phosphate) 200 mg;
iodine (potassium iodide) 15 mcg;
iron (iron fumarate) 10 mg;
magnesium (magnesium oxide) 10 mg;
copper (copper oxide) 0.5 mg;
zinc (zinc oxide) 1.5 mg;
potassium (potassium chloride) 20 mg;
manganese (manganese sulfate) 1 mg;
chloride (potassium chloride) 3.63 mg;
chromium (chromium chloride) 10 mcg;
molybdenum (sodium molybdate) 10 mcg;
selenium (sodium selenate) 10 mcg;
vitamin K1 10 mcg;
Nickel (Nickel sulfate) 1 mcg;
tin (tin chloride) 3 mcg;
silicon (sodium metasilicate) 3 mcg;
vanadium (sodium metavanadate) 3 mcg.
